Bidirectional power transistor with shallow body trench

ABSTRACT

A bi-directional trench field effect power transistor. A layer stack extends over the top surface of the substrate, in which vertical trenches are present. An electrical path can be selectively enabled or disabled to allow current to flow in opposite directions through a body located laterally between the first and second vertical trenches. A shallow trench, more shallow than the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench is located between the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench and extend in the vertical direction from the top layer of the stack into the body, beyond an upper boundary of the body. The body is provided with a dopant, the concentration of the dopant is at least one order of magnitude higher in a region adjacent to the shallow trench than near the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application claims priority to International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2015/001363, entitled “BIDIRECTIONAL POWER TRANSISTOR WITH SHALLOW BODY TRENCH,” filed on Feb. 23, 2015, the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a bi-directional trench field effect power transistor, a semiconductor product and a method of making a bi-directional trench field effect power transistor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bi-directional switches switch high currents through their conduction electrodes while blocking high voltages applied to the conduction electrodes. Bi-directional switches are used in a variety of electrical systems. A typical bi-directional switch is specified to supply high currents, which may range from several Amperes of maximum current to several hundreds of Amperes depending on the specific switch and application, while blocking relatively high voltages, e.g. of at least 25 V without breaking down.

Bi-directional switches are typically implemented using electromechanical switches or a configuration of semiconductor devices, e.g. power transistors. However, in one direction standard power transistors do not have a technically meaningful blocking voltage, making them unidirectional devices. Consequently, current bi-directional switches typically are implemented using two separate serially coupled power MOSFETs. The separate MOSFETs are formed on separate semiconductor dice, and often housed in separate packages, which results in a high manufacturing cost and a large area occupied on a circuit board. When the separate MOSFET dice are housed in a single package and interconnected with wire bonds, the area occupied on a circuit board is reduced but the manufacturing cost is still too high for many applications.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,282,406, 7,297,603, 7,537,970, 7,910,409, 8,101,969 and 8,530,284 all disclose an integrated circuit with several different transistors integrated on the same circuit, including a p-channel bi-directional trench power transistor for battery charging protection. The transistor comprises two vertical trenches between which a body is present. The body is separated from current carrying electrodes above and below the body by high-voltage regions with a lesser doping concentration than the electrodes. However, this bi-directional trench power transistor has an inherent parasitic bipolar transistor formed by the body and the high voltage drift regions. Furthermore, it is not suitable for operation with high voltages, such as of at least 20 or more, e.g. up to 40 V or more, and or high currents. e.g. above 1 mA, up to 1 A or more.

In the off-state and when the drain-source voltage is low, current flows between drain and body, which can increase suddenly when the power transistor is in the avalanche regime of the parasitic bipolar transistor. As a result, the potential barrier of the junction formed between the body and high voltage region below the body is lowered in the middle. This causes a current flowing to the source which results in a sudden decrease of the drain-source voltage. The focalization of the current flow in the middle can cause thermal runaway and device destruction. Furthermore, the blocking voltage of the bi-directional trench power transistor is affected when the snapback holding voltage of the parasitic bipolar transistor is less than the specified blocking voltage of the bi-directional trench power transistor.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a bi-directional trench field effect power transistor, a semiconductor product and a method as described in the accompanying claims.

Specific embodiments of the invention are set forth in the dependent claims.

These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further details, aspects and embodiments of the invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers are used to identify like or functionally similar elements. Elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale.

FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a semiconductor product comprising a plurality of power transistors.

FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a part of the example of FIG. 1, taken along the line II-II therein, through a vertical trench in parallel with a longitudinal direction of the vertical trench.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a part of the example of FIG. 1 taken along the line III-III in FIG. 3 in the longitudinal direction, though the centre of the power transistor.

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a part of the example of FIG. 1 taken along the line IV-IV, in a perpendicular direction, perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, through the source electrode.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a part of the example of FIG. 1 taken along the line V-V, in a perpendicular direction, through the body electrode.

FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a part of the example of FIG. 1 taken along the line VI-VI, in the perpendicular direction, through the gate feed.

FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a part of the example of FIG. 1 taken along the line VII-VII, in the perpendicular direction, through the part of the source electrode connected to a shield gate of the power transistor.

FIG. 8 is a detailed view of a part of the example of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a detailed view of an alternative to the example of FIGS. 1-7.

FIG. 10 is a detailed view of an alternative to the example of FIG. 1-7.

FIGS. 11 to 32 are sectional views of a power transistor in successive stages of a method of manufacturing thereof.

FIG. 33 is a graph of a simulated net doping concentration as a function of depth along the line A-A in FIG. 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Because the illustrated examples may for the most part, be implemented using techniques, processes and components known to those skilled in the art, details will not be explained in any greater extent than that considered necessary for the understanding and appreciation of the underlying concepts of the examples set forth herein and in order not to obfuscate or distract from the teachings herein.

Referring now to FIG. 1, the example of a semiconductor product shown comprises an arrangement of a plurality of power transistors 100 and may for example be implemented as described in applicant's co-pending International Patent Application PCT/IB2013/002209, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The power transistors 100 have a cellular structure and each power transistor 100 forms a cell of the semiconductor product. Depending on the specific implementation, the semiconductor product may comprise several tens, hundreds, thousands or more cells in a suitable arrangement (e.g. a 2-dimensional matrix) and connected to form a single power transistor device. The power transistors 100 will be described in more detail with reference to the sectional views of FIGS. 2-7. In FIG. 1, the power transistors 100 are connected in parallel, and several electrodes 104-107, also referred to as feeds, are visible. The electrodes 104-107 extend over a layer stack in which the transistors 100 are provided. As shown more clearly in FIGS. 2-3, the electrodes 104-107 are covered by a passivation layer 103 of a suitable dielectric material, which in FIG. 1 is not shown for the sake of clarity. The passivation layer 103 shields the electrodes 104-107 and the rest of the top-surface 130 of the semiconductor product from ambient influences, such as oxidations or otherwise.

Each of the electrodes or feeds 104-107 present in the semiconductor product is connectable to an external power supply, not shown. The connection between the electrodes and feed and the external power supply may be provided in any conventional manner, and is not described in further detail.

The semiconductor product comprises a first current electrode 129, e.g. in this example the drain electrode, which is connected to the first current terminal 120, e.g. the drain, of each of the power transistors 100. In FIG. 1 the first current electrode is not visible, but as shown in FIG. 2 present at the backside of the substrate 101, and extends over the bottom surface 1111 of the, diced, wafer substrate. A second current electrode 106, e.g. the source electrode, is connected to the second current terminal 124, e.g. the source, of each of the power transistors shown. A gate feed 105 is connected to the gate electrode 111 of each power transistor 100.

As shown in the example of FIG. 1, the semiconductor product may further comprise a body electrode 104 connectable to an external power supply and connected to the body 122 of each of the power transistors 100. Alternatively, the body 122 may be a fully floating body or be coupled to the current terminals 120,124 and the semiconductor product be without a dedicated body electrode 104. In the shown example, the body electrode is connected to the opposite ends of the elongated, finger-shaped, body. As shown in more detail in FIGS. 3-7, the body is provided with a shallow trench 130 via which a high concentration has been provided in a region 125 adjacent to the trench 130. As shown more clearly in FIG. 3, the trench 130 and the region 125 extent in the longitudinal direction between the distal ends where the body electrode 104 is connected to the body 10. The trench 130 and highly doped region 125 have been found to noticeably reduce the risk of a current flow mentioned above.

Without being bound to theory it is believed that this can be explained as follows: the voltage of the body 122 is maintained by the body electrode 104 and hence the points where this is connected to the body 122 will be maintained at that voltage. Accordingly, the junction barrier will tend to lower more in or towards the middle between those points rather than within close range of those points, i.e. there is a voltage drop between the longitudinal ends of the body finger in this example compared to in the middle between those ends, due to the resistivity of the body 122 itself. The shallow trench 130 and the relatively highly doped region 125 effectively strengthen the junction by reducing the resistivity and hence the voltage drop.

In the example of FIG. 1, the second current electrode 106 is further connected to the shield plate of each of the power transistors 100. In the shown example, a finger 107 of the second current electrode is connected to the shield plates 112, e.g. through one or more vias 131 extending through an inter-layer dielectric 204. However, the finger 107 may alternatively be separate from the second current electrode 106 and thus be a shield feed via which the voltage of the shield gate can be controlled separately from the voltage and/or current of the other electrodes 104-106.

The arrangement may, as in the example, be provided with an enclosure which isolates or protects the arrangement. For instance, in FIG. 1, the arrangement is enclosed by, a well 108 of a conductivity type opposite to that of the first current terminal 120, which in turn is enclosed by a shallow trench isolation, STI, 109 at the top of the layer stack. The well 108 extends in lateral direction partly under the STI 109 and is in direct contact with the STI. The well 108 extends in vertical direction from the top of the layer stack 102 towards the substrate 101 in a layer 102 of the same conductivity type as the first drift region 121 of the transistors 100. In this example the layer 102 has the same concentration of majority charge carriers as the first drift region 121 and is a doped semiconductor layer with the same doping concentration as the first drift region 121.

The well 108 is separated from the vertical trenches 110 of the transistors 100 and from the substrate 101 by the layer 102, as more clearly shown in FIG. 2, except in the area covered by the body electrode 104. As can be seen in FIG. 5, the well 108 extends laterally under the body electrode 104, and vertically from the top of the layer stack 102 to the bottom of the gate electrode, and contacts the inner and outer side-walls of the trenches from the top of the layer stack 102 to the bottom of the gate electrode. Below the top-surface 1020 of the layer stack 102, the well 108 overlaps in vertical direction with a high-voltage layer which extends in lateral direction until the outer vertical sidewall of the vertical trench 110.

Referring now to the sectional views of FIGS. 2-7, the bi-directional trench field effect power transistor 100 shown therein can support high energies, i.e. high currents and/or voltages. The power transistor may for example have a current maximum of more than 1 A, such as 10 A or more, such as 100 A or more, such as at least 200 A and/or a positive drain-source break down voltage of at least 25 V, for example 50 V or more, and a negative drain-source break down voltage of at least 25 V, for example 30 V or more, such as 50 V or more, for example 100 V or more, e.g. 300 V or more. The bi-directional trench field effect power transistor may be symmetric with positive and negative break down voltages that have the same absolute value, or be a-symmetric, with different values, depending on the specific implementation. For instance, depending on the specific implementation, the thickness of the first and/or second drift region may be adapted to obtain the positive or negative breakdown voltage desired for the specific application. For an asymmetric transistor, a suitable positive breakdown voltage has found to be between 1.5 and 2 times that of the negative breakdown voltage, such as 45 V for a 25 V negative breakdown voltage.

The power transistor 100 comprises a first current terminal 120, e.g. a drain, and a second current terminal 124, e.g. a source. The power transistor comprises a substrate 101 with a substrate top surface 1010. A layer stack 102 extends over the substrate top surface 1010. The first current terminal 120 is situated, in a vertical direction from a top layer 1020 of the stack 102 towards the substrate 101, below the second current terminal 124. In the shown example, the substrate 101 is a wafer substrate

An electrical path is present between the first current terminal 120 and the second current terminal 124. The electrical path can be selectively enabled or disabled to allow current to flow in a first direction, e.g. from the first current terminal to the second terminal or a second direction, opposite to the first direction, as explained below in more detail. The electrical path comprises a first drift region 121, a body 122 and a second drift region 123. The body 122 extends laterally between vertical trenches 110. The body 122 extends vertically between the first current terminal 120 and the second current terminal 124. The first drift region 121 extends, in the vertical direction, between the body 122 and the first current terminal 120. The second drift region 123 extends, in the vertical direction, between the body 122 and the second current terminal 124.

In the stack 102, a first vertical trench 110 and a second vertical trench are present. Each of the vertical trenches 110 extends in the vertical direction from a top layer of the stack towards the substrate 101, in lateral direction between vertical sidewalls. Hereinafter, the vertical sidewalls of the trenches 110 closest to, and facing towards, the body 122 are referred to as the inner sidewalls and the vertical sidewalls facing away from the body are referred to as the outer sidewalls. In the example of FIGS. 2-7, the inner sidewalls define the current path laterally as more clearly visible in FIG. 4-7.

In the shown example, the first and second vertical trenches 110 both are vertical trench gates and each comprise a gate electrode 111 in a first part of the vertical trench 110. The gate electrode 111 is electrically isolated from the body 122 by a gate dielectric, in this example formed by a gate dielectric layer 114 lining the inner sidewall in the first part of the trench. The gate electrode 111 is coupled to the body 122 and, when a suitable voltage is applied to the gate electrode, e.g. through the gate feed 105 in the example of FIG. 1, a vertical channel is formed in the body 122. Through the vertical channel a current can flow from the first drift region 121 to the second drift region 122, when the first current terminal 120 is at a positive voltage with respect to the second current terminal 124, or vice versa when the second current terminal 124 is at a positive voltage with respect to the first current terminal 120.

The first and second vertical trenches 110 extend, in the vertical direction, from the top layer beyond an upper boundary 1210 of the first drift region 121, and in a lateral direction parallel to the substrate top-surface electrically isolate, and define, the first drift region 121. Thereby, the risk of an unexpected breakdown of a transistor 100 can be reduced. Without being bound to theory, it is believed that one of the causes of an unexpected breakdown is voltage and/or current events in other power transistors or devices. Furthermore, it is believed that by isolating the first drift region 121 in the lateral direction, switching speed can be increased since less charge carriers need to be recombined when switching off, i.e. only those in the region between the first and second vertical trenches 110, rather than in the entire drift region.

Each of the first and second vertical trenches 110 comprises a lower shield plate 112. The lower shield plate 112 is in this example additional to the lateral isolation of the first drift region 121 by the vertical trench 110. However, it should be apparent that the lower shield plate 112 may be used without the lateral isolation of the first drift region 121, and that the lateral isolation of the first drift region may be used without a shield plate. The shield plate 112 is situated in a lower part of the trench 110. This lower part is closer to the substrate 101 than the first part.

The shield plate 112 is capable of generating a vertical accumulation layer in the first drift region 121, e.g. along the inner sidewall of the trench, when the voltage lower shield plate 112 is biased with respect to the voltage of the first current terminal 120 in a first polarity. For example, in case the first current terminal is an n-doped semiconductor material, the accumulation layer can be generated when the lower shield plate 112 is sufficiently positively biased. In case the first current terminal is a p-doped semiconductor material, the accumulation layer can be generated when the lower shield plate 112 is sufficiently negatively biased. In the shown examples the accumulation layer will extend in vertical direction through the whole first drift region, from the bottom limit of the body region 121 up to the first current terminal 120. Thus, a conductive path between the body and the first current terminal 120 may be established in a relatively fast manner. However, depending on the specific implementation, the accumulation layer may extend in vertical direction through a part of the first drift region 121 only, and e.g. be spaced from the body or the first current terminal.

The shield plate 112 can further locally reduce the electrical field density in parts of the first drift region when the lower shield plate is biased with respect to the first current terminal in a second polarity. For example, in case the first current terminal is an n-doped semiconductor material, the reduction is obtained when the lower shield plate 112 is sufficiently negatively biased. For example, in case the first current terminal is an n-doped semiconductor material, the reduction is obtained when the lower shield plate 112 is sufficiently negatively biased.

Thus, unexpected breakdown may be reduced because overly high electric fields in the first drift region may be avoided while the speed of switching may be improved since the current path through the drift region can be enabled more rapidly by creating the accumulation layer.

The power transistor 100 may have any suitable shape and size. As shown in FIG. 1, the power transistor 100 in the examples is defined by an elongated vertical trench enclosure which, in a plane parallel to the substrate top-surface 1010, encloses the electrical path. In this example, the terms first vertical trench and second vertical trench are used for convenience to denote the trench part at opposite sides of the electrical path, but in fact are integral part of the elongated vertical trench enclosure. Likewise, the elongated vertical trench enclosure comprises an elongated enclosing gate electrode which comprises the gate electrodes of the vertical trenches, and an elongated enclosing lower shield plate which comprises the lower shield plates of the vertical trenches, the enclosing gate electrode enclosing the body and the enclosing lower shield plate enclosing the first drift region. It will be apparent that the enclosing shield plate may be absent when the transistor is implemented without shield plate(s).

The vertical trenches 110 may be implemented in any manner suitable for the specific implementation. The first and second vertical trenches 110 are very deep trenches which extend in the example of FIGS. 2-7 from the top of the layer stack 102 into the substrate 101. However the vertical trenches may be less deep, and for example extend until the substrate top surface, i.e. the bottom of the trench touching the substrate top surface 1010. Likewise, the vertical trenches may terminate slightly above the substrate 101, for example at a vertical position closer to the substrate top surface 1010 than to the middle of the vertical drift layer.

Also, the vertical trenches 110 may be provided, in addition to the gate electrode and the shield plate, with other elements of the power transistor 100. For instance, as shown in FIG. 27 each vertical trench 110 may further comprise an upper shield plate 118. The upper shield plate 118 may be controlled in a similar manner as the lower shield plate 112 and be arranged to generate an accumulation layer in the second drift region 123 when the upper shield plate 118 is biased with respect to the second current terminal 124 in the first polarity and reducing, at least locally, the electrical field density when the upper shield plate 118 is biased with respect to the second current terminal 124 in the second polarity. There, unexpected breakdown may be reduced because overly high electric fields in the second drift region may be avoided while the speed of switching may be improved since the current path through the second drift region can be enabled more rapidly by creating the accumulation layer. As shown, the upper shield plate 118 may have a similar shape as the lower shield plate and be separated from the second drift region 123 by a suitable dielectric, in this example of the same material and thickness as the shield dielectric of the lower shield plate.

Also, the vertical trenches may be filled, e.g. with the electrodes 111,113 and dielectrics 112,114 in any suitable manner. In the shown example, for instance the vertical trenches extend into the substrate 101 and the shield plate 112 terminates above the substrate 101. The shield plate 112 is isolated from the substrate by a thick dielectric at the bottom of the trench 110. Thereby, the substrate 101 operation can be effectively decoupled from the voltage of the shield plate 112.

Furthermore, at least the inner sidewall of the vertical trenches, and in this example both the inner and outer sidewall, may be covered with a dielectric which separates respectively the gate electrode and the shield plate from the sidewall. Hereinafter the dielectric in the first part is referred to as the gate dielectric 114 and the dielectric in the lower part referred to as the shield dielectric 113. As shown, the dielectric is along the surface of the sidewall in contact with respectively the body 122 and the drift regions 121,123. The dielectric is thicker in the first part than in the lower part. Thus, the gate electrode is sufficiently coupled in order to generate the channel whereas the shield plate is less coupled to the drift region, to enable creating the accumulation layer and the reduction of the electrical field density. In the shown example the gate dielectrics 114 and the shield dielectrics 113 are of the same material, e.g. siliconoxide. However, depending on the specific implementation, the dielectrics may be of different materials. Although in FIGS. 2-7 the dielectrics 113,114 are shown as a single vertical dielectric layer, it will be apparent that the dielectric may comprise a stack of two or more vertical layers.

Furthermore, the gate electrode, and if present shield plate(s), filling parts of the vertical trench 110 may be implemented in any manner suitable for the specific implementation and have any suitable shape, size and configuration. For example, the vertical trench does may not have a shield plate, may have multiple shield plates, the gate electrode and/or shield plates may have different shapes than shown, etc.

The first drift region 121 and the second drift region 123 may be implemented in any manner suitable for the specific implementation. The first and second drift region can be of a first conductivity type having a first type of majority charge carriers, while the body is of a second conductivity type having a second type of majority charge carriers opposite to the first type. For example the drift regions may be n-type semiconductors.

In the example of FIGS. 1-7, the first drift region 121 extends in lateral and longitudinal direction between the vertical trenches and is defined by the inner sidewalls of the vertical trenches. The first drift region 121 extends in vertical direction from the top-surface of the substrate 120 until the bottom of the body 122. Suitable lower limits for the thickness have been found to 2 micron or more, such as 5 micron or more, for example 10 micron or more, and suitable upper limits 10 micron or less, such as 5 micron or less, such as 2 micron or less. The drift region may for example be mono-crystalline, and grown on the substrate through for instance an epitaxial process. The drift region may be of the same material, e.g. Si, as the first current terminal 120 but with a lower doping concentration. A suitable dopant has found to be P or As with a resistivity of 0.05 Ohm*cm or more, e.g. 0.1 Ohm*cm or more, such as 0.2 ohm*cm or more. A suitable upper limit has been found a resistivity of 1 Ohm*cm or less. A particularly effective resistivity has been found to be 0.2 Ohm*cm on average. The resistivity may vary in the first drift region 121, for example as a function of depth, in a manner suitable to increase the breakdown voltage of the power transistor. The first drift region may for example be provided with a linearly graded doping to obtain a suitable resistivity variation.

The second drift region 123 may, as in the examples, have essentially the same characteristics as the first drift region 121. In the example, the thickness of the second drift region is much less than of the first drift region. A suitable thickness has found to be 1 micron or more, for example 1.5 micron.

The first current terminal 120 and second current terminal 124 may be implemented in any manner suitable for the specific implementation. In the shown examples, the first and second current terminal 120, 124 are of the same, first, conductivity type as the drift regions 121,123 and opposite to the conductivity type of the body 122. The concentration of majority charge carriers in the first current terminal 120 is higher than in the first drift region 121. The concentration of majority charge carriers in the second current terminal 124 is higher than in the second drift region 123, as can be seen in FIG. 33 for the example of FIGS. 2-7. The current terminals 120,124 may for example be doped or otherwise be provided with a resistivity which is at least one order of magnitude smaller than the resistivity of the drift regions 121,123.

In the example of FIGS. 2-7, the first current terminal 120 is formed by the substrate 101. On the bottom of the substrate, also referred to as the back-side, a metal layer 129 is provided which constitutes the electrode for the first current terminal 120 and allows to connect the first current terminal 120 to an external voltage or current supply. In this example, the substrate 101 is of a semiconductor material provided with a dopant of the same type as the first drift region 211 (e.g. an n-type doping or a p-type doping) to make the first current terminal 120 highly conductive compared to the drift region 121. For instance, the doping concentration may be at least 2.5 orders of magnitude higher than in the drift region, 3 orders or more have been found to be particularly effective, as illustrated in FIG. 31. The substrate 101 may be any suitable type of substrate such as a mono-crystalline Si substrate with a <100> orientation, and doped with a suitable dopant, such as in case of an N-doped current terminal Arsenic (As), to obtain a resistivity of less than 1 milli Ohm/com, such as less than 0.005 ohm/cm, for example 0.03 Ohm*cm or less.

The second current terminal may be implemented in any manner suitable for the specific implementation, and be of similar constitution as the first current terminal, but in terms of conductivity and doping concentration different, for example with a doping concentration which is an order of magnitude higher, as illustrated in FIG. 33. In this example, the second current terminal is formed as the area of the top layer 1020 of the layer stack 102, defined in lateral direction by the inner sidewalls of the trenches 110 and in vertical direction by the top of the body 122 and the top-surface 1020 of the layer stack. However, depending on the specific implementation the second current terminal 124 may be implemented above the top layer 1020, for example by local formation or deposition of a suitable material on the layer stack, in the area in lateral direction between the inner sidewalls of the vertical trenches 110.

The body may be implemented in any manner suitable for the specific implementation. In the shown example, the body is defined in lateral and longitudinal direction by the inner sidewalls of the vertical trenches 110 and in vertical direction between by the bottom of the second drift region, and the top of the first drift region. The body may for example be formed by a doping a semiconductor material, e.g. Si, with a suitable dopant. A suitable dopant has been found Boron, such as B₁₁. As illustrated in FIG. 33, a suitable concentration has been found to be 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of the first current terminal 120.

FIG. 33 shows a suitable net doping profile for the example of FIG. 1. In FIG. 33, the net doping is defined as N_(net)=|N_(D)−N_(A)|, where N_(D) is the concentration of donors, and N_(A) the concentration of acceptors. As shown, the doping in each part, e.g. body, drift region, current terminal, is profiled, with a maximum and gradually falling towards the bottom or top of the respective part, due to the implantation process, and where the concentration referred to in the above, the maximum of the profile in the part of the power transistor 100 is meant.

The layer stack may be implemented in any manner suitable for the specific implementation. In the shown example, the layers stack 102 comprises a bulk layer of a base material of the first conductivity type with a concentration of majority charge carriers equal to a concentration in the first drift region or in the second drift region. The bulk layer is provided with one or more doped layer in which a doping is different than in the base material. The doped layer having the second conductivity type and/or concentration of majority charge carriers higher than the base material. Thus, in the example the layers of the layer stack 102 are formed from the same base material. However, alternatively the layer stack may comprise a plurality of different layers of different base materials, for example individually grown on top of each other during consecutive phases of manufacturing of the power transistor.

The doped layers in the bulk layer may for example comprise one or more of the group consisting of:

a buried layer of the second conductivity type, in which the body is present;

a source layer of the first conductivity type with a concentration of majority charge carriers higher than the base material, in which the second current terminal is present, the source layer is separated from the buried layer by a drift layer of the base material which the second drift region is present;

a drain layer of the first conductivity type with a concentration of majority charge carriers higher than the base material, in which the first current terminal is present, the drain layer is separated from the buried layer by a drift layer of the base material in which the first drift region is present.

The power transistor may be used to control the flow of current. The shown example of power transistor may for example be used in a method for operating a power transistor as described below, although it will be apparent that other types of bi-directional power transistors may be used as well to perform such a method and that the power transistor may be used in other methods. The power transistor can be operated intermittently in a first direction or a second direction, i.e. bi-directional. The bi-directional nature of the power transistor 100 will now be described in operation, using the example of a n-type power transistor.

In a first direction and in respect of switching the power transistor 100 on, a positive voltage may be applied to the drain contact 129. The body electrode may be connected to the source electrode, so as to electrically couple the body 122 to the source 124. To the shield plate a bias voltage, e.g. 0 V, sufficient to generate an accumulation layer in the first drift region may then be provided.

A positive gate-source bias voltage, V_(gs)>0V, may be applied on the gate feed 105 by an external gate driver circuit (not shown) causing a depletion field effect through the gate dielectric into a region of the body 122 that contacts the first and second trenches 110. When the gate bias voltage exceeds a threshold voltage V_(th), an inversion conducting n-layer may be formed along the interface of the trench and the body, which conducts the majority of carriers injected from the source to be collected by the drain.

In an off-state, a positive voltage may be applied to the drain. The body may still be electrically tied to the source and so be subjected to a source potential. The gate-source bias voltage may be set to a lowest potential, namely V_(gs)=0V. A first depletion layer may be formed around a bottom p-n junction formed by the interface of the body 108 and the first drift region 121. By increasing the drain-source bias voltage, V_(ds), a first space charge region of the depletion layer may increase to the low-doped bottom part of the first drift region 121. The electrical field in the region thereby increases and when a breakdown voltage is reached, an avalanche phenomena by carrier impact ionization may be observed causing breakdown of the reverse biased junction mentioned above.

In the second direction, a positive bias voltage may be provided to the shield plate. This reduces the electrical field density in at least a part of the first drift region, and accordingly the breakdown voltage can be increased.

In the second direction and in relation to an on-state, the body switch may be set such that the drain potential is coupled to the body 122. A positive voltage may be applied to the source 124. The positive gate-drain bias voltage, V_(gd)>0V, may be applied to the gate by the external gate driver circuit, thereby causing a depletion field effect through the gate dielectric into the body along the inner sidewalls of the trenches 110. When the gate bias voltage exceeds the threshold voltage V_(th) an inversion conducting layer may be formed along the interface of the trench dielectric and the body, which may conduct the majority of the carriers injected from the substrate 102 and collected by the source 124.

In an off state, a positive voltage may be applied to the source. The body may still be electrically tied to the potential of the drain. The gate-drain bias voltage V_(gd) may be set to the lowest potential, namely, V_(gd)=0 V. A second depletion layer may be formed around a top p-n junction formed by the interface of the body and the second drift region 123. By increasing the source-drain bias voltage, V_(sd), a second space charge region of the depletion layer may increase to the low-doped top part of second drift region. The electrical field in the region may thereby increase and when a breakdown voltage is reached, an avalanche phenomena by carrier impact ionization may be observed causing breakdown of the reverse biased junction mentioned above, thereby implementing the blocking voltage.

As show in FIGS. 3,6-7 and in FIG. 8 in more detail, the power transistor may comprise a shallow trench 130 located, in the lateral direction, between the vertical trenches 110 extending in the vertical direction from the top layer of the stack 102 into the body 122, beyond an upper boundary of the body. As mentioned above, the shallow trench 130 extends in longitudinal direction between the opposite ends of the body 122 and forms, together with a region 125 adjacent to the trench 130, a more conductive, compared to the rest of the body 122, path between the connects to the body electrode 104 and hence allows to reduce the voltage drop over the length of the body finger 122. This allows to reduce the chance that the junction barrier is lowered in the middle of the body and the associated current flow.

The shallow trench 130 is shallow compared to the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench, and accordingly does not extend as deep into the power transistor as these vertical trenches. More specifically, in this example, the shallow trench, and in this shown example the shallow trench 130 does not extend into the first (or bottom) drift region 121. The bottom of the trench is situated within the body 122. The concentration of dopant in the body 122 is at least one order of magnitude higher in a region 125 of the body 122 adjacent to the shallow trench 130 than near the interface between the body 122 and the first and second vertical trenches 110, i.e. remote from the shallow trench.

Thereby, the resistance of the body 122 in the longitudinal direction, between the contact points with the body electrode 104, can be significantly reduced, whereas a good threshold voltage be obtained. As shown with the doping profile in FIG. 33, in the region 125 adjacent to the shallow trench 130 the doping may for example be have a concentration in the range from 10¹⁸/cm³ to 10²⁰/cm³, and near the vertical trenches 110 e.g. in the range between 10¹⁷/cm³ to 10¹⁸/cm³. For example, the range between 1*10¹⁷/cm³ to 3*10¹⁷/cm³ which has shown to give good experimental results.

As explained in more detail with reference to FIGS. 26-31, the doping of the region 125 adjacent to the shallow trench 130 may for example be provided via the shallow trench 130. For instance, a supplemental dose of dopant may be provided via the shallow trench 130 in the region 125, after the body 122 has been formed by a suitable doping as explained above.

As shown, the shallow trench 130 has a bottom part and the region 125 surrounds the bottom part. However, it will be apparent that alternatively the region may e.g. not extent below the bottom, for example if the bottom of the shallow trench is filled with a suitable dopant stopping material such as tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) or another suitable material.

As shown in more detail in FIG. 8, the shallow trench extends from the top of the layer stack 102, towards the substrate 101, until a shallow trench bottom. The shallow trench bottom is located above a lower boundary of the body 122, and the region of the body with the highest concentration of the dopant is located below the shallow trench bottom and above the lower boundary. The concentration of the dopant in the regions may e.g. be at least 2 orders of magnitude higher in the region than adjacent to the vertical trenches 110, however it will be apparent that the specific difference may vary depending on the desired characteristics of the power transistor.

Referring to FIGS. 8-10, the shallow trench can be filled with a dielectric material, such as SiO₂ or tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), thereby ensuring an isolation of the body relative to the drift region 123. In the shown examples, at least an upper part of the shallow trench is filled with a dielectric extending from the top layer until the upper boundary of the body 122. The upper part 122 electrically isolates the part of the shallow trench 130 below the upper boundary of the body 122 from the second drift region 123 and the second current terminal 124. As shown in FIG. 8, the trench may for example be completely filled with the dielectrical material.

As shown in FIG. 9, a part 131 of the shallow trench may be provided with a dopant of the same conductivity type as the body 122 or otherwise made (semi)conductive. Thereby, the respective part of the trench will exhibit electrical behaviour similar as the body 122 and the mentioned resistivity is reduced while a good threshold voltage be maintained. For example, the bottom of the shallow trench 130 can be lined with a layer 131 of a silicide provided with a dopant of the same conductivity type as the body, as shown in the examples of FIGS. 9 and 10.

The shallow trench 130 may be filled to reduce the resistance relative to the part of the body 122 replaced by the shallow trench in any other suitable manner. Referring to FIG. 10, as shown, the shallow trench may for example comprise sidewalls 132,133 lined with a dielectric material in a lower part extending from the upper boundary of the body into the body bottom until the trench bottom. The space 134 extending between the sidewalls is filled with a semiconductor material of the conductivity type of the body 122. The space 134 may for example extend between the semiconductive layer 131 and the upper boundary, thereby effectively reconstituting the behaviour of the body in that part of the shallow trench 130. The space 134 may be doped with the same concentration as the semiconductive layer 131, thereby making both less resistive than the body 122. It has been found that this can reduce the body resistivity with a factor 20 compared to the prior art solutions, while maintaining a good threshold voltage.

In the specific example of FIG. 10, in addition to the shallow implant under the trench 130, a doped material, e.g, P+doped silicide is deposited at the bottom of the trench 130. Next a layer, e.g. 0.4-0.5 micron thick P+ poly-Si, is deposited and isolated laterally and covered with a dielectric to isolate from the drift layer 123 and current terminal 124.

Although the vertical trenches may be separated by any other distance, it has been found that if the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench are spaced, in the lateral direction, between 1 to 3 micron (e.g. in the range of 1-1.6 micron)) from each other, the shallow trench is very effective. This because a homogeneous blanket implanting of a higher concentration of dopant in the body 122 could impact the threshold voltage as a consequence of the lateral diffusion of the dopant into the vertical trenches 110.

The shallow trench may have any suitable depth depending the desired reverse mode breakdown voltage BVr of the power transistor. The shallow trench 130 may extend along the whole length of the body layer and thus form an elongated slot in the layer stack. It has been found that a shallow trench of for example less than 3 micron deep and/or more than 1 micron deep results in a good breakdown voltage, specifically in the range of 1.5-2.5 micron. It is found advantageous if the width of the shallow trench is less than 0.7 times the distance between the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench, for example if the shallow trench has a width in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 micron (for example when the distance between the vertical trenches is in the range of 1 to 1.6 micron).

The presence of high P+ doping concentration in the middle of the body region increases the recombination velocity and decreases respectively, the flow of injected electrons through the base by reducing the gain b of the parasitic bipolar transistor formed between the source-body-drain.

The power transistor may be manufactured in any manner suitable for the specific implementation. For example, on a substrate 101 a layer stack 102 extending over the substrate may be provided. The layer stack may be provided with a first vertical trench 110 and a second vertical trench 110, each of the vertical trenches extending in a vertical direction from a top layer of the stack towards the substrate. A second current terminal 124 may be provided on or above the top layer and a first current terminal 120, in the vertical direction, below the second current terminal. An electrical path may be provided between the first current terminal and the second current terminal which can be selectively enabled or disabled to allow current to flow. The electrical path may be provided to comprise a body 122 which extends vertically between the first current terminal and the second current terminal, and laterally between the first and second vertical trenches. A first drift region 121, in the vertical direction, between the body and the first current terminal may be provided, as well as a second drift region 123, in the vertical direction, between the body and the second current terminal.

Each of the first and second vertical trenches 110 may be provided in a first part of the vertical trench with a gate electrode 112 which is electrically coupled to the body 122. The trenches 110 may be provided with a lower shield plate 112 in a lower part of the trench closer to the substrate 101 than the first part. At least a body-side vertical sidewall of each of the vertical trenches may be provided with a dielectric which separates the gate electrode and the shield plate from the body-side vertical sidewall, the dielectric is thicker in the first part than in the lower part.

The example of FIGS. 1-7, may for example be manufactured as follows. Initially, referring to FIG. 11, the power transistor 100 may comprise a substrate 101. In case of an n-type power transistor, the substrate 101 may be strongly doped with an N-type dopant, such as Arsenic. A suitable substrate material is found to be mono-crystalline Silicon with a <100> orientation for example. However other substrate types may be used as well.

On the top surface 1010 of the substrate, a layer stack may be manufactured in any suitable manner. For example, a bulk layer 201 may be provided, e.g. by epitaxial growth, extending over the top-surface 1010 and directly adjacent thereto. The bulk layer 201 may be monolithic, and for example of the same material as the substrate, i.e. <100> Si. However the bulk layer or substrate may alternatively be of a different material, such as SiC or GaN. The substrate may be a single material, e.g. Si, or be an engineered substrate consisting of multiple, initially unpatterned layers layered one on top of the other. In the shown example the bulk layer 201 has about the thickness of the layer stack 102, e.g. 5 micron, and subsequently several layers are created by modifying the characteristics of the bulk layer at different depth, e.g. through suitable doping implant and activation. However, alternatively the bulk layer may be thinner than the layer stack and serve as a bottom layer thereof, with the additional layers of the layer stack being created by growth on the bulk layer, e.g. of an oppositely doped epitaxial layer for the body, and on top of the oppositely doped epitaxial layer another epitaxial layer for the second drift region 123.

Referring to FIG. 12, the bulk layer may be provided on the, exposed top-surface with a pad layers, in this example a thin layer of a pad oxide 202 and a thicker layer of pad nitride 203 on top of the pad oxide layer 202, and locally be provided with the STI 109.

Vertical trenches 110 may be etched in the bulk layer 201. For example, over the pad layers a hard mask may be deposited, e.g. a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) hardmask, after which the hardmask and pad-layers are locally etched to expose the top surface of the bulk layer in the areas where the trenches are to be provided. The bulk layer 201 may then be etched to the desired depth of the trenches 110. In this example the bulk layer 201 is etched until the substrate layer 101 and the substrate itself is slightly etched. For example, etching may remove in vertical direction from the top-surface of the bulk layer, between 0.1 and 0.5 micron more than the thickness of the bulk layer i.e. into the substrate 101. As illustrated in FIG. 12, the resulting trenches extend from a trench top 116 into the bulk layer, and in this example beyond the bulk layer into the substrate 101, to a trench bottom 117. The trench bottom 117 may be rounded, for example by first etching the trench and a subsequent rounding. The subsequent rounding may for example be obtained by depositing on the walls of the trench a sacrificial layer, e.g. Silicon-oxide, of a suitable thickness, e.g. several hundred, such as 800, Angstom, and subsequently over etching the sacrificial layer, e.g. several hundred Angrstom more than the thickness of the sacrificial layer.

Referring to FIG. 13, after the shape of the trenches has been defined by the etching, the walls of the trenches may be provided with a lining dielectric, e.g. SiO₂, of a suitable thickness, e.g. several hundred, such as 700 or 800, Angstrom. In the shown example, the dielectric is a continues lining layer 204 formed by depositing a lateral dielectric layer, e.g. silicon-oxide, which fills the bottom of the trench, over the exposed lateral surfaces of the intermediate product, and oxidizing the vertical sidewall to obtain a dielectric layer of e.g. 2500 Angstrom.

Referring to FIGS. 14-16, after the lining is formed the shield plate (if present) may be formed. The shield plate may for example be formed by filling the trenches with a suitable electrode material, such as doped polysilicon or a metal. A suitable electrode material has found to be polysilicon doped with phosphor or As at a concentration of 1·10²⁰ atoms per cubic centimeter (at/cm³). In the shown example, a thick blanket layer 205 of polysilicon with a suitable dopant, is deposited, for example using Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition, over the exposed surfaces. The blanket layer is sufficiently thick to completely fill the trenches, as shown in FIG. 14. Referring to FIG. 15, the blanket layer is then reduced in thickness until the directly underlying lateral surface is exposed. For example the blanket layer 205 may be planarized, e.g. by chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) down to a hardmask, e.g. a TEOS hardmask, on which the blanket layer is deposited. Referring to FIG. 16, the final shield plate may then be obtained by further removing, e.g. through etching, the remaining parts of the layer 205 until the desired height of the shield plate 112. As shown in FIG. 16 the resulting plate structure 112 extends between a plate top 1121 and a plate bottom 1120. The plate bottom 1120 is slightly above the substrate 101 and separated from the substrate by the dielectric in the bottom 117 of the trench 110.

Referring to FIGS. 17-20, in case the power transistor is to be provided with a shield plate an intermediate dielectric layer 206 may be provided in the trench 110 on the plate top 1121, which serves to separate the shield plate 112 from the gate electrode 114. However, this may be omitted in order to obtain a gate electrode extending vertically along the first drift region. The formation of the intermediate dielectric may for example comprise re-oxidizing the plate top 1121 after additional etching of the plate top 1121 to obtain a rounded, e.g. convex or concave, plate top 1121, with a re-oxidized top surface 206 as show in FIG. 17. After that, a blanket dielectric layer 207 may be deposited which covers the exposed lateral surface of the layer stack and fills the trenches up to the re-oxidized top surface 206, see FIG. 18. The blanket dielectric layer 207 may subsequently be removed outside the trenches, as shown in FIG. 19 and reduced in thickness in the trenches to obtain the desired intermediate dielectric thickness. A suitable material for the intermediate dielectric has found to be TEOS. For instance, a TEOS layer may be deposited as blanket dielectric layer 207, e.g. in this example on the pad nitride layer 203. The TEOS layer may then be planarized, e.g. through CMP or otherwise, down to the pad nitride layer 203. The TEOS layer may then be etched in the trenches until the desired depth

Referring to FIGS. 21-24, after the intermediate dielectric is formed if trench is to be provided with a shield plate, the gate electrode may be formed. In this example, a thin gate dielectric layer 208 is then formed on the vertical sidewalls of the trenches in the not filled parts thereof, i.e. between the intermediate dielectric and the top of the trench, as shown in FIG. 21. For example a silicon oxide layer of several hundred Angstrom, e.g. a thermal siliconoxide of 700-800 Angstrom, may be provided to form the vertical gate dielectric. After that the actual gate electrode may be formed.

Referring to FIG. 22, the gate electrode may for example be formed by filling the trenches with a suitable electrode material, such as doped polysilicon or a metal. A suitable electrode material has found to be polysilicon doped with phosphor at a concentration of 1·10²⁰ at/cm³. In the shown example, a thick blanket layer 209 of polysilicon with a suitable dopant is deposited, for example using Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition, over the exposed surfaces. The blanket layer 209 is sufficiently thick to completely fill the trenches from the intermediate dielectric, as shown in FIG. 22. The blanket layer 209 is then reduced in thickness until the directly underlying lateral surface is exposed. For example the blanket layer 209 may be planarized, e.g. by chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) down to the top-surface of the top nitride layer 203, on which the blanket layer 209 is deposited. Referring to FIG. 23, the final shield plate may then be obtained by further removing, e.g. through etching, the remaining parts of the layer 209 until the desired height of the gate electrode 114. In this example, the gate electrode extends from the intermediate dielectric until 1 micron or less, e.g. 0.9 micron, below the top surface of the bulk layer 201.

Referring to FIG. 24, the exposed top of the gate electrode may then be covered with a top dielectric, for example by filling the rest of the trench 110 with a suitable dielectric. For instance, a thin layer, e.g. 400 Angstrom, may be grown on the exposed top, for example of thermal siliconoxide, which is subsequently covered with another dielectric. The other dielectric may for example be deposited as a blanked layer covering the exposed lateral surfaces of the intermediate product, which subsequently is reduced in thickness down to the top-surface of the bulk layer 201 9 hence removing the top nitride and top oxide layers 203,203), e.g. a TEOS layer which subsequently is planarized, e.g. by CMP.

Referring to FIG. 25, after forming the gate electrode and hence finalizing the vertical trenches 110, the body may be formed. It will be apparent though that in an alternative embodiment the body and/or drift regions and/or current terminals may be formed before forming the trenches or before filling the trenches. In this example, the body is formed by implanting a dopant layer 212 at a convenient depth and subsequent activation of the dopant. For example, in case of a n-type transistor, implantation and activation of a p-type dopant, e.g. Boron, such as B₁₁, may be performed. For instance, a dose of 2·10¹³ at/cm³ implanted with 700 kEV energies may be provided and activated by a furnace anneal. As shown in FIG. 25, locally a well 211 of same conductivity type as the body may be formed, e.g. by local implant of a dopant. For instance in case of a n-type transistor, implantation and activation of a p-type dopant, e.g. Boron, such as B₁₁, may be performed. For instance, successive doses of 2·10¹³ atoms per square cm (at/cm²), 1·10¹³ at/cm², 1·10¹³ at/cm², 6·10¹² at/cm² may be implanted with energies between 500 keV-1.5 MeV and activated by a furnace anneal. The concentration in at/cm² being measured parallel to the top-surface 130. Prior to the doping implant, a sacrificial layer 210 of e.g. 400 Angstrom silicon oxide may be deposited on top of the bulk layer to protect the bulk layer during doping implantation, e.g. from low energy debris that comes along with the implant.

Referring to FIGS. 26-31, the shallower trench 130 may be formed by providing in the top layer a shallow trench between the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench, the shallow trench being shallow relative to the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench and extending in the vertical direction from the top layer of the stack into the body beyond an upper boundary of the body. Through the trench a dopant of the conductivity type of the body may be provided into a region of the body adjacent to the shallow trench, with a concentration of at least one order of magnitude higher than a dopant concentration near the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench.

Referring to FIG. 26, for example, a patterned mask 140 may be deposited, for example, a hard mask may be deposited, e.g. a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) hardmask, after which the hardmask is locally etched to expose the top surface in the area where the shallow trench is to be provided. The bulk layer 201 may then be etched to the desired depth of the shallow trench 130, e.g. into and not beyond the body.

Referring to FIG. 27, after the shape of the shallow trench has been defined by the etching, the region 125 of the body 122 may be provided with the high doping concentration. For example an additional dose of dopant may be implanted in the bottom of the shallow trench through the shallow trench. The dopant may be implanted using a vertical implant at low energies, to ensure that the dopant is only implanted at the surface of the shallow trench bottom. For example a vertical BF₂ implant with an energy of between 1-2 keV has found to give satisfying results. Through subsequent processing, such as diffusion (using e.g. an anneal at 900 degrees Celcius), the dopant may be spread into the region 125 of the body 122. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 28, the rest of the shallow trench may be filled with a suitable dielectric material, the patterned mask be removed and the continuous lining layer 204 be provided.

Alternatively, parts of the shallow trench 130 may be provided with other materials to re-constitute, at least partly, in the shallow trench the body 122. For example, the bottom of the shallow trench 122 may be provided with a semiconductor material, such as doped silicide. Thereafter the trench may be filled and closed as explained with reference to FIG. 27.

However, the shallow trench may likewise be provided with further materials. As shown in FIG. 29, e.g. a lining dielectric, e.g. siliconoxide, of a suitable thickness, e.g. several hundred, such as 700, Angstrom may be provided on the sidewalls of the shallow trench 122. In the shown example, the dielectric is a continuous lining layer 133 formed by depositing a lateral dielectric layer, e.g. silicon-oxide, which fills the bottom of the trench, over the exposed lateral surfaces of the intermediate product, and oxidizing the vertical sidewall to obtain a dielectric layer of suitable thickness. The remaining space between the side walls may then be filled, e.g. from the bottom to the top side of the body, with a semiconductor material of the conductivity type of the body 122, such as doped polysilicon, to further reduce the resistivity of the body 122.

After filing, to the desired degree, the shallow trench with low-resistivity, e.g. doped semiconductive or intrinsically conductive materials, the rest of the shallow trench may be filled with a suitable dielectric material to isolate the conductive parts of the shallow trench 130 from the second drift layer 123, the patterned mask be removed and the continuous lining layer 204 be provided as shown for example in FIG. 31.

Referring to FIG. 32, the second current terminal may be formed by implanting a dopant layer 213 at a convenient depth and subsequent activation. For example, in case of a n-type transistor, implantation and activation of an n-type dopant, e.g. As, may be performed. For instance, an dose of 7·10¹⁵ at/cm², with 80 kEV implant energy may be provided under an angle of 0.5 degrees from the vertical and activated by a furnace anneal. As shown in FIG. 32, to protect the areas where the layer 213 should not be present, a blocking layer 215 may be provided on the exposed top surface of the layer stack.

After forming the vertical trenches, the shallow trench, the body, the drift regions and current terminals, suitable contacts may be provided and further operation be performed to finalize the power transistor. E.g. an interlayer dielectric layer may be provided, such as a TEOS layer, in which openings are provided where vias are formed that connect to the gate electrode, body, current terminals etc. and one of more interconnect layers provided on the interlayer dielectric layer 214 that are connected to respective parts of the power transistor through suitable vias 131. It will be apparent that after finalizing the power transistor, on the same die other structures may be provided and that the die may be packaged in a package suitable to support the currents and voltages the power transistor is designed for,

In the foregoing description, the invention has been described with reference to specific examples of embodiments of the invention. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims, and that the claims are not limited to the specific examples given in the foregoing description. Of course, the above advantages are examples, and these or other advantages may be achieved by the examples set forth herein. Further, the skilled person will appreciate that not all advantages stated above are necessarily achieved by embodiments described herein.

Also, some of the figures are discussed in the context of a device with a n-type transistor. However, embodiments according to the present invention are not so limited. That is, the features described herein can be utilized in a p-type transistor. The discussion of an n-channel device can be readily mapped to a p-channel device by substituting p-type dopant and materials for corresponding n-type dopant and materials, and vice versa. Likewise, although specific dopants (As,B,P) have been mentioned, it should be apparent that other dopants may be suitable as well. Furthermore, although in the examples shown, the layer stack is formed from Si, other materials may be suitable as well, such as other doped or undoped semiconductor materials or combinations of materials, such as gallium arsenide, silicon germanium, silicon, monocrystalline silicon, the like, and combinations of the above. Likewise, the semiconductor wafer substrate described herein is a mono-layer but the semiconductor wafer substrate may also be an, unpatterned, engineered wafer substrate consisting of several layers of different materials.

Moreover, the terms “front,” “back,” “top,” “bottom,” “over,” “under” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing permanent relative positions. It is understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the invention described herein are, for example, capable of operation in other orientations than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. Other modifications, variations and alternatives to the examples set forth herein are also possible. The specifications and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than in a restrictive sense.

In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word ‘comprising’ does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps then those listed in a claim. Furthermore, the terms “a” or “an,” as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. Also, the use of introductory phrases such as “at least one” and “one or more” in the claims should not be construed to imply that the introduction of another claim element by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim element to inventions containing only one such element, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an.” The same holds true for the use of definite articles. Unless stated otherwise, terms such as “first” and “second” are used to arbitrarily distinguish between the elements such terms describe. Thus, these terms are not necessarily intended to indicate temporal or other prioritization of such elements. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A bi-directional trench field effect power transistor, comprising: a substrate with a substrate top surface; a layer stack extending over the substrate top surface, in which stack a first vertical trench and a second vertical trench are present, each of said vertical trenches extending in a vertical direction from a top layer of the stack towards the substrate; a first current terminal and a second current terminal, the first current terminal being situated, in said vertical direction, below the second current terminal and the second current terminal being situation on or above the top layer; and an electrical path which can be selectively enabled or disabled to allow current to flow in a first direction or a second direction, opposite to the first direction, between the first current terminal and the second current terminal, the electrical path comprising: a body located laterally between the first and second vertical trenches and vertically between said first current terminal and said second current terminal; a first drift region located, in said vertical direction, between the body and the first current terminal; a second drift region located, in said vertical direction, between the body and the second current terminal; a shallow trench, more shallow than the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench, the shallow trench being located between the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench and extending in the vertical direction from the top layer of the stack into the body, beyond an upper boundary of the body; and the body is provided with a dopant, the concentration of said dopant being at least one order of magnitude higher in a region adjacent to the shallow trench than near the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench.
 2. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the shallow trench has a bottom part and said region surrounds said bottom part.
 3. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the shallow trench from said top layer until a shallow trench bottom, the shallow trench bottom located above a lower boundary of said body, and a region of the body with the highest concentration of said dopant is located below the shallow trench bottom and above said lower boundary.
 4. A power transistor as claimed in claim 3, wherein the concentration of said dopant in said regions is at least 2 orders of magnitude higher in said region than adjacent to the vertical trenches.
 5. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the shallow trench is filled with a dielectric material.
 6. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least a part of the shallow trench is provided with a dopant of the same conductivity type as the body.
 7. A power transistor as claimed in claim 5, wherein the shallow trench comprises: sidewalls lined with a dielectric material in a lower part extending from the upper boundary of the body into the body bottom until the bottom, and a space extending between said sidewalls, which is filled with a semiconductor material of the same conductivity type as the dopant of in the body.
 8. A power transistor as claimed in claim 7, wherein the semiconductor material is doped polysilicon.
 9. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the shallow trench comprises an upper part extending from the top layer until the upper boundary of the body, said upper part electrically isolating the part of the trench below the upper boundary of the body from the second drift region and the second current terminal.
 10. A power transistor as claimed in claim 9, wherein the upper part is filled with a dielectric.
 11. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bottom of said shallow trench is lined with a layer of a silicide provided with a dopant of the same conductivity type as the dopant body.
 12. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench are spaced, in said lateral direction, between 1 to 3 micron from each other.
 13. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the shallow trench is less than 3 micron deep.
 14. A power transistor as claimed in claim 13, wherein the shallow trench is more than 1 micron deep.
 15. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the width of the shallow trench is less than 0.7 times the distance between the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench.
 16. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, comprising separate contacts connected to individually control the voltage and/or current of the gate electrode, the first current terminal, the second current terminal, and the body.
 17. A power transistor as claimed in claim 16, comprising further separate contacts connected to individually control the voltage of the lower shield plate and the gate.
 18. A power transistor as claimed in claim 1, comprising a elongated vertical trench enclosure which, in a plane parallel to the substrate top-surface, encloses the electrical path, the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench being part of the elongated vertical trench enclosure.
 19. A method of manufacturing a power transistor as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising: providing on a substrate a layer stack extending over said substrate, and providing the layer stack with a first vertical trench and a second vertical trench, each of said vertical trenches extending in a vertical direction from a top layer of the stack towards the substrate; providing a second current terminal on or above the top layer and a first current terminal, in said vertical direction, below the second current terminal; and providing an electrical path which can be selectively enabled or disabled to allow current to flow between the first current terminal and the second current terminal, providing the electrical path comprising: providing a body located in said vertical direction between said first current terminal and said second current terminal and laterally between the first and second vertical trenches; providing a first drift region, in said vertical direction, between the body and the first current terminal; providing a second drift region, in said vertical direction, between the body and the second current terminal; providing in the top layer a shallow trench between the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench, the shallow trench being shallow relative to the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench and extending in the vertical direction from the top layer of the stack into the body beyond an upper boundary of the body; providing through said trench a dopant into a region of the body adjacent to the shallow trench, with a concentration of at least one order of magnitude higher than a dopant concentration near the first vertical trench and the second vertical trench; and performing further operations to finalize the power transistor. 